The Continental Army defeated General Burgoyne in the Battle of Saratoga. Clinton shipped many Loyalists and most of his heavy equipment by sea to New York, and evacuated Philadelphia on June 18. However, by mid-May Howe had apparently abandoned the idea of an overland expedition: "I propose to invade Pennsylvania by sea ... we must probably abandon the Jersies. And in August, seventeen seventy-seven, General Howe captured Philadelphia. It was the largest city in English North America, the seat of Congress, Battle of the Clouds (September 16, 1777). Howe felt defending Philadelphia would fully occupy Washington and “It was incumbent upon him (Washington) to risk a battle to preserve that capital.” There were other reasons for Howe’s decision to attack Philadelphia. Philadelphia Eagles general manager Howie Roseman has had few hits recently. Overnight, a torrential storm blew in, possibly a hurricane, that upended any further chances of an impending battle. Clinton considered making new attacks on Philadelphia, but these ideas never came to fruition. Howe's campaign was controversial because, although he successfully captured the American capital of Philadelphia, he proceeded slowly and did not aid the concurrent Saratoga campaign of Lieutenant General John Burgoyne further north, which ended in disaster with the Battles of Saratoga (First and Second) for the British, and brought France into the war. However, Howe’s major goal was to begin the campaign season with an offensive directed against the American capital at Philadelphia. Germain approved Burgoyne's plan after having received Howe's letter detailing his proposed offensive against Philadelphia. Capture of the rebel capital did not bring the end to the rebellion as the British thought it would. In fact, Howe had decided to go on the defensive in New York in 1777 and move against Philadelphia. His efforts kept George Washington (1732–1799), commander in chief of the Continental army, occupied in 1777 and 1778. The decision was made to wait out the storm, then move toward their objective. General Howe, however, had different plans. Washington's recently defeated army was prepared to make a stand against the pursuing British army, but a sudden rainstorm ended hostilities. He would have his chance in early October, when Howe divided his army and encamped at Germantown, seven miles northeast of Philadelphia, with 9,000 troops. Howe had proposed to Lord George Germain, the British civilian official responsible for conduct of the war, an expedition for 1777 to capture Philadelphia, the seat of the Second Continental Congress. In June 1778, Clinton was preparing to abandon Philadelphia. These forces were to serve as one prong in a larger three-pronged attack — the major component of the British war plan for the year. Ultimately, Howe decided to return to his childhood home. Brigadier General John Sullivan, who commanded the Continental Army's troops facing Staten Island, had, in order to capitalize on perceived weaknesses of the British position there following Howe's departure, attempted a raid on August 22, that failed with the Battle of Staten Island. His soldiers were packed tightly on the ships and suffered terribly from seasickness and the blazing heat. By Saturday, August 29, Howe came to the decision to temporarily divide his command into two divisions in order to facilitate foraging. The armies of Howe, St. Leger and Burgoyne would meet at Philadelphia. The British also began a wider frontier war organized from Quebec City, using Loyalist and Native American allies. In the "Conway Cabal", some politicians and officers unhappy with Washington's performance in the campaign secretively discussed his removal. Intensifying the gamble even more was Washington’s two-day march from Philadelphia at the time he told Hancock in writing of his readiness to battle Howe by blocking the route to Swede’s Ford “if they should direct their course that way,” thus admitting that Howe might direct his course another way—such as due eastward to Philadelphia. Howe decided by early April against taking his army overland to Philadelphia through New Jersey, as this would entail a difficult crossing of the broad Delaware River under hostile conditions, and it would likely require the transportation or construction of the necessary watercraft. Albany General Schuyler’s forces continued to cause delays and obstructions to Burgoyne’s advance by … By noon on Saturday, September 20, 1777, Gen. William Howe watched his window of opportunity to cross the shallowing upper fords of the Philadelphia sector of the Schuylkill River slam shut upon his 14,000-man army. The second army, under Howe, had originally been committed to sending forces up the Hudson from New York to aid this advance, but before Burgoyne's force had begun its' march, Howe had already changed his plans to an invasion of Pennsylvania, with the capture of Philadelphia… Orders from William Howe had arrived, forbidding them to advance until he had brought up “reinforcements.” Again, caution perfectly explains such a decision. French Revolutionary Wars. They entered Chesapeake Bay, sailed to its northern extremity and sent the troops ashore at the head of the Elk River on August 25. Washington positioned 11,000 men between Howe and Philadelphia but was outflanked and driven back at the Battle of Brandywine. But the war was to continue for six more years, given the unconventional warfare tactics of the Patriots at the time. The reassignment of the British troops to Staten Island was only temporary, however. Washington harried the British army all the way across New Jersey, and successfully forced a battle at Monmouth Court House that was one of the largest battles of the war. After his defeat at Brandywine and the British capture of Philadelphia, George Washington was looking for an opportunity to strike back at General William Howe's forces. Philadelphia, it should be noted, held little strategic importance and several negative features that should have given pause. In mid-January 1777, after the setbacks in New Jersey, Howe proposed operations against Philadelphia that included an overland expedition and a sea-based attack, thinking this might lead to a decisive victory over the Continental Army. Although Howe would have preferred to make a landing on the Delaware River below Philadelphia, reports of well-prepared defenses dissuaded him, and the fleet spent almost an entire extra month at sea to reach Head of Elk. Which of the following generals failed to follow the plan? He sailed from New York not long after. Philadelphia to try to stop Burgoyne. These plans were a well-kept secret. Prior to April 1775, colonists' decisions to gather weapons, manufacture bullets and bandages, enlist newly freed African Americans, and establish a network of lookouts and riders revealed. Only when he received word that Howe's fleet had reached the mouth of the Delaware, did he need to consider the defense of Philadelphia. In part as a retaliatory measure against the ongoing skirmishes, General Charles Cornwallis executed a raid against that position in April 1777, in which he very nearly captured the outpost's commander, Brigadier General Benjamin Lincoln. Germain approved his plan, although with fewer troops than Howe requested. With regard to Burgoyne's army, he would do only what was required of him (virtually nothing)." They were not spotted again by American agents for several days, when it appeared that they would enter Delaware Bay. General William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, KB, PC (10 August 1729 - 12 July 1814) was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the … But my kids were happy in Philadelphia and I had 10 great years there, so it was still a real tough decision," he says. Finally, while having multiple columns converge on On June 18, 1778, after almost nine months of occupation, 15,000 British troops under General Sir Henry Clinton evacuate Philadelphia, the former U.S. capital. General Howe and his troops settled into the comfort of Philadelphia for the winter, thinking that capturing … Washington hurried his army overland into Pennsylvania, where a short series of encounters occurred in the fall of 1777: Washington's second-in-command, Major General Charles Lee, who led the advance force of the army, ordered a controversial retreat early in the battle, allowing Clinton's army to regroup. Considering the possibility that Howe was again feinting, and would actually sail his army up the Hudson to join with Burgoyne, he remained near New York. At the end of the campaign, the two armies were roughly in the same positions they were at its beginning. Uncertain of Howe's goal, which could be Charleston, South Carolina, he considered moving north to assist in the defense of the Hudson, when he learned that the fleet had entered Chesapeake Bay. William Howe was born in England, the third and youngest son of Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe and Charlotte, the daughter of Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Leinster and Darlington, an acknowledged illegitimate daughter of King George I. This connection with the crown may have improved the careers of all three sons, but all were also very capable officers. D. None of the above 4.) Howe’s army found it nearly impossible to follow Washington over the rutted, muddy roads. After his defeat at Brandywine and the British capture of Philadelphia, George Washington was looking for an opportunity to strike back at General William Howe's forces. The British sent out a peace commission headed by the Earl of Carlisle, whose offers, made in June, were rejected by Congress. His mother was a regular in the courts of George II and George III. His father was a politician, who served as Governor of Barbados where … True to form, prior to leaving for New Jersey to counter Howe if he decided to march against Philadelphia, Washington did not issue any direct orders to his over-stuffed, egotistical second in command. After two years of conflict, British leadership sought to divide the Continental Army and conquer New England. Philadelphia to try to stop Burgoyne. Washington's problems at this time were not just with the British. Gen. George Washington and 9,000 Continentals and militia blocked the seven closest river crossings to Howe’s forces which had been encamped along the Swede’s Ford … Of particular concern was a lack of fodder for the horses who had already suffered greatly during the journey. The idea of occupying Philadelphia diverged sharply from British military strategy in early 1777. He chose to interpret his orders from London as authorizing him to strike first against the American capital city, Philadelphia. If he performed this move as a feint to draw Washington out from his strong position, it failed, as Washington refused to move his army out in force. And in August, 1777, General Howe captured Philadelphia. A. Howe B. St. Leger C. Arnold D. Burgoyne 5.) Albany General Schuyler’s forces continued to cause delays and obstructions to Burgoyne’s advance by … Planning for 1777 . Washington then unsuccessfully attacked one of Howe's garrisons at the Germantown before retreating to Valley Forge for the winter. Lafayette narrowly escaped a British ambush at the Battle of Barren Hill. Thus when Howe asked permission to abandon the Hudson River strategy, Germain refused. While this time was punctuated by numerous skirmishes, the British army continued to occupy outposts at New Brunswick and Perth Amboy, New Jersey. When given orders by the Crown to "show little compassion to the rebels," Howe resigned from his position, a decision which was perhaps made in the company of his returned dog. After further skirmishes and maneuvers, Howe was able to enter and occupy Philadelphia. Resulted in the city’s capture In September 1777, however, Howe defeated the American army at Brandywine in Pennsylvania and occupied Philadelphia, forcing the Continental Congress to flee. Orders from William Howe had arrived, forbidding them to advance until he had brought up “reinforcements.” Again, caution perfectly explains such a decision. It now had ten thousand soldiers. France's entry into the war forced a change in British war strategy, and Clinton was ordered by the government to abandon Philadelphia and defend New York City, now vulnerable to French naval power. William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, KB, PC (10 August 1729 – 12 July 1814) was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British land forces in the Colonies during the American War of Independence. With the fall of Fort Lee and over 4,000 British troops under Howe’s mastiff, General Cornwallis, who rapidly pursued Washington’s forces, there was no doubt of Howe’s intentions. This new Continental Army, however, lost battles during the summer to General Howe's forces near the Chesapeake Bay. After taking the city, the British garrisoned about 9,000 troops in Germantown, five miles north of Philadelphia. But, as Burgoyne continued his march south toward Albany, Howe decided to veer from the plan and moved his troops to attack Philadelphia instead. However, they are overshadowed by the bad choices he's made in the past. In and around New York, the armies of Clinton and Washington watched each other and skirmished, with occasional major actions like the Battle of Stony Point and the Battle of Connecticut Farms. By Saturday, August 29, Howe came to the decision to temporarily divide his command into two divisions in order to facilitate foraging. Finally, while having multiple columns converge on There was now very little food remaining in the ships' stores. Germain's approval of Howe's expedition included the expectation that Howe would be able to assist Burgoyne, effecting a junction at Albany between the forces of Burgoyne and troops that Howe would send north from New York City. The city was surrounded by a countryside that was largely hostile to the British effort and would only grudgingly offer assistance to an occupying army. In response to this raid, Washington moved his army forward to a strongly fortified position at Middlebrook in the Watchung Mountains that commanded likely British land routes toward Philadelphia. Washington received word of the British advance and chose to make a stand at a location on a valley road between Lancaster and Philadelphia. He also approved plans by Burgoyne for an expedition to "force his way to Albany" from Montreal. After a prolonged defense of the river by Commodore John Hazelwood and the Continental Navy, the British finally secured the river by taking Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer in November. Washington realized that Howe "certainly ought in good policy to endeavor to Cooperate with Genl. The Philadelphia campaign was a British initiative to gain control of Philadelphia, which was then the seat of the Second Continental Congress. French Revolutionary Wars. However, the army eventually emerged from Valley Forge in good order, thanks in part to a training program supervised by Major General Friedrichvon von Steuben. Washington had intelligence that Howe had not brought the necessary equipment for either bringing or constructing watercraft, so this move seemed unlikely to him to be a move toward the Delaware River. Launching a lightning strike, Howe sent forces under Cornwallis in an attempt to cut Washington off from the high ground; this attempt was foiled in the Battle of Short Hills. It was a costly loss–Washington suffered some nine hundred casualties (of eleven thousand soldiers), while Howe lost only 550.

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