The software running under Windows helps in all fields of application. Although the use of Pulsoxymeter is a simple method, the adolescents are cognizant of the measurement, and felt this method uncomfortable. Salivary cortisol increases with dental stress, strongly correlate with cortisol concentration in blood (10). In 18 of 22 studies, the professionals utilized the components of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) to determine treatment … Earlier studies produced conflicting results. Eur J Oral Sci. Salivary cortisol concentration is a valid measurement technique of fear. The … The greatest differences between those with high dental fear and low dental fear were found in psychological, social, and handicap dimensions, but not in functional or physical dimensions of the OHIP-14. Although this study was made in dentistry, Corneometer® CM 825 can also be used in general practice, whenever it is necessary to monitor the change of anxiety during any type of treatments. King SL, Hegadoren KM. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The aim of the study was to assess dental fear among 12–15 years old Arabic speaking children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and its relation to demographic variables, previous dental experience, and child behaviour. Thus, treatment of dental fear is a challenge to dentists. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Fábián G, Fejérdy L, Fábián C, et al. The visits were at a fixed time between 8-9 a.m. 2021 Apr 11;9(4):42. doi: 10.3390/dj9040042. Dentistry Is Subjective Health Care. Sexton J, Mourino AP, Brownstein MP. Acute stress is the reaction to an immediate threat that can be any situation experienced as a danger. Salah Adeen Mohammed Alrshahet al. (11), who studied dental fear scores in Hungarian primary school children, although it was higher than data (8.4-9.3) obtained by others (12). The consequences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may include dental fear. The examples of the case history and the epidemiological survey are used to demonstrate these two levels of power/knowledge. These measures can be objective or subjective, depending The change of objective parameters reflected the increasing or decreasing of dental fear during treatment, so these changes were calculated and were used to compare the methods. J Dent Child 1998;65:229-30,252-8. These fear structures evoke fear and motivate avoidance or escape behavior when they become activated by incoming information that … Adolescents, Dental Fear, Measurement of the skin moisture, Physical parameters. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the parameters obtained using several subjective and objective methods for assessing dental fear in adolescents. Positive correlations were observed between the parameters considered. A history of CSA complicates dental fear treatment, and it is often a secret. Viitaniemi H, Suominen A, Karlsson L, Mustonen P, Kortesluoma S, Rantavuori K, Rodrigues AJ, Coimbra B, Karlsson H, Lahti S. Dent J (Basel). Finally, the change of sweating score showed significant correlation with the change of salivary cortisol level (p=0.006) (Figure 1E). Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses during acute stress induced by different types of dental treatment. Similarly, significant correlation was obtained between the change of systolic pressure and sweating score (p=0.0019) (Figure 1C) and also between the change of pulse rate and sweating score (p=0.0001) (Figure 1D). Several techniques are currently available for the measurement of fear, including subjective and objective methods. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the parameters for assessing dental fear in adolescents through a multilateral approach in order to define the most eligible method for its evaluation. The samples were free of any blood contamination and were stored in a freezer at -20 °C until used. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). Accessibility Eight boys failed to come to the second visit. The questionnaires are suitable for measuring the overall fear in an appointment, but the monitoring of fear during treatment is difficult by the use of questionnaires. Those adolescents, whose salivary cortisol concentration had increased after treatment, had significantly higher DAS scores, compared to those showing decreased or unchanged salivary cortisol levels after treatment (p=0.02, Figure 3A). VR As Psychological Aid in Dentistry. They do not even realize when the measurement is taken, so Corneometer® monitoring is quite simple during the treatment, the dental assistant can do it as well. Dentistry is simply too painful, I can’t handle that amount of pain. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the first cadaver demonstration and the anxiety of medical, dental and pharmacy students. Thus the objective measurement of stress may involve the measurement of salivary cortisol concentration or alpha-amylase activity, in addition to measurement of blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, skin temperature and sweating. Sweating is an indirect and reliable measurement of dental fear (19, 20). The determination of salivary cortisol is considered superior to the measurements from other sources (i.e. FOIA 2008 Jun;116(3):260-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00540.x. Positive correlations were observed between the change of systolic pressure, pulse rate, sweating scores and salivary cortisol concentration (Figure 1). Hair Cortisol Concentrations Are Associated with Dental Anxiety during Pregnancy. Dent J (Basel). and subjective oral impacts were measured using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire. Eur J Oral Sciences 2007;115:1-6. Stress may be short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic). The direct conditioning of subjective experience of pain was more important than the objective pathway of child dental fear, and the indirect conditioning does n … The clinically related predictors of dental fear in Taiwanese children Int J Paediatr Dent. Anatomic dissection enables the examination of the organs in the human cadavers systematically and topographically. with systolic pressure (p=0.409), pulse rate (p=0.543), sweating score (p=0.763), or salivary cortisol concentration (p=0.720). Psychosocial stress-induced activation of salivary alpha-amylase: an indicator of sympathetic activity? J Clin Ped Dent 1993;17:61-3. Similarly, increased sweating scores were also associated with significantly higher DAS values (p=0.04) (Figure 3B). Newton JT, Buck DJ. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured using a Pulsoxymeter Nonin® 8500M (Nonin Medical, Plymouth, MN, USA), sweating (skin surface hydration) was measured using a Corneometer® CM 825 (Courage+Khazaka Electronics, Cologne, Germany), applied always on the same point of the forehead. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006;30:49-58. However, the change of salivary alpha-amylase activity failed to correlate significantly with any of the other parameters studied, i.e. 2008 Nov;18(6):415-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2008.00924.x. In Study 2, the fear of having HIV did not predict HIV screening intention, but attitude negatively and response efficacy positively predicted screening intention. doi: 10.4317/medoral.20400. Anatomy is the fundamental of medical and health professional education. • SUBJECTIVE FEAR:- These are based on the feelings and attitudes that have been suggested to child by others about dentistry without the child having had the experience personally. who need special care with regard to their fear [Boj, 1988; Li and López, 2005; Rayen et al., 2006]. The association between dental fear and subjective oral impacts was not significantly modified by the number of remaining teeth. Objective fear is one that you experience directly. Salivary cortisol levels in the undiluted samples were measured by means of a competitive radioimmunoassay kit (CORT-CT2, CIS bio International, Gif-sur-Yvette, France). 2019 Oct 16;5:15. doi: 10.1038/s41405-019-0017-9. The greatest differences between those with high dental fear and low dental fear were found in psychological, social, and handicap dimensions, but not in functional or physical dimensions of the OHIP-14. Sweating is an indirect and reliable measurement of dental fear; this was performed by measuring skin moisture based on the Corneometer® method (capacitance measurement of a dielectric medium through a skin probe). Rantonen PJ, Penttila I, Meurman Jh, et al. Stress hormones: how do they measure up? 2020 Dec;21(4):287-291. doi: 10.23804/ejpd.2020.21.04.6. Blomqvist M, Holmberg K, Lindblad F, et al. The dental anxiety scale and effects of dental fear on salivary cortisol. RESULTS: In both studies, the fear of having an STI positively predicted STI screening intention. Reasons for Dental Fear •Fear of Unknown •Fear of Pain •Lack of Trust •Loss of Control •Fear of Intrusion Chapman, Kirby-Turner. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Hurwitz Eller N, Netterstrøm B, Hansen AM. Biol Psychiatry 1986;21:301-10. Cortisol in urine and saliva: relations to the intima media thickness, IMT. This is where the main purported use case for Virtual Reality in dentistry comes into play. Dental fear and oral health habits among adults in Finland. The manifestations and feelings associated with it are unpleasant and do not disappear or resolve when the feared stimulus is removed, as in real objective fear. Use of oral health services and adult oral health in Finland. East Mediterr Health J. Anxiety and cortisol excretion correlate prior to dental treatment. The cut off value for DAS was 13, above this value the patients were enrolled into the anxious group (5). Concentration of cortisol in the serum, saliva, or urine can easily be determined, and is frequently applied as a peripheral indicator of hypothalamic neural activity (8). Administration of oral midazolam in surgical dentistry Administration of oral midazolam in surgical dentistry Parsa, A. There’s also the effect of pure distraction to consider. Growth hormone and cortisol in serum and saliva. You may have been afraid of the dentist as a child, and these feelings stuck with you as you grew up. Those with high dental fear reported higher levels of prevalence, 'extent', and 'severity' of subjective oral impacts than did those with low dental fear or no fear. If you reckon that dentistry is simply too painful to bear, it’s likely that you’ve had at least one very painful experience in the past. The change of salivary cortisol concentration significantly correlated with the change of systolic pressure (p=0.022) (Figure 1A) and pulse rate (p=0.018) (Figure 1B). Analyses of pain and fear occurred on two levels: the micro-level of the individual and the macro-level of the population. Pediatric dentistry requires a minimal-invasive approach with maximum preservation of the healthy teeth tissue, due to the small size of the teeth. Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications. Fogorvosi Szemle 2003;96:29-33. In the first line there is an activation of the autonomic sympathetic nervous system resulting in release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla. J of IMAB. Archives Oral Biol 2004;49:963-8. For the study, which was approved by the Regional and Institutional Ethics Committee (Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary), 500 students aged 12-14 years took part on a dental screening. We aimed to study the association between subjective oral impacts and dental fear adjusted for age, gender, level of education, and dental attendance, and to evaluate whether this association was modified by the number of remaining teeth. The intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) of salivary cortisol concentration and amylase activity determination was 7.06% and 1.4%, respectively. Rohleder N, Nater UM, Wolf JM, et al. There were 9 fearful students (28%), having DAS scores of 13 or higher. Measurements of salivary cortisol concentration, salivary alpha-amylase activity, heart rate, and rate of respiration, blood pressure, tension of skeletal muscles, skin temperature, and sweating are considered objective, while the subjective methods are based on direct and indirect questionnaires. Pohjola V, Lahti S, Vehkalahti MM, Tolvanen M, Hausen H. Acta Odontol Scand. A fear of the dentist is usually caused by negative past experiences. Significances of correlation are summarized in Table 1 for the sake of better comparison. The reference interval was 6.2-38.1 nmol/l (7). Annals New York Acad Sciences 2004;1032: 258-63. The stress response is controlled by two primary neuroendocrine systems. Bethesda, MD 20894, Copyright Anxiety and pain measures in dentistry: a guide to their quality and application. Authors J-S Song 1 , H-C Chung 2 , S Sohn 3 , Y-J Kim 4 Affiliations 1 … What exactly do I mean by that? Chowdhury CR, Khijmatgar S, Chowdhury A, Harding S, Lynch E, Gootveld M. BDJ Open. Keywords: Dental anxiety, pain management, Dentistry, pharmacotherapy TOTAL NUMBER OF WORDS: 3731 INTRODUCTION Anxiety is a term used for various disorders that cause nervousness, fear, apprehension, and worrying.These disorders affect the way we feel and behave and can cause physical and mental symptoms. 8600 Rockville Pike According to our results, the students can be divided into two groups. In the first visit the oral health status was assessed using a dental mirror, probe and standard lighting. Data were analyzed for statistical significance using Chi-Square test in the case of categorical variables, while Student’s t-test was applied for continuous variables. It is also due to the fact that there are various sharp and pointy … 2007 Aug;65(4):224-30. doi: 10.1080/00016350701373558. patient’s subjective experience of dental treatment is the most important channel for his or her later behavior (e.g. 2016 Sep 30;4(4):33. doi: 10.3390/dj4040033. 2015 Jul 1;20(4):e393-401. A sample of 40 adolescents (20 girls and 20 boys) were randomly selected for the study from students aged 12-14 years in the area of Debrecen (Hungary) having at least 2 decayed teeth. Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. After incubation at 37 °C for 30 minutes, the supernatant was decanted, and the remaining radioactivity bound to the tubes was measured by a gamma scintillation counter calibrated for 125 Iodine. Our results, in accordance with those of Rohleder et al. 2008 Jun;66(3):148-53. doi: 10.1080/00016350802089459. Oral health-related quality of life: a broader perspective. Measurement of the skin moisture is based on the internationally recognized Corneometer® method. The procedures and possible discomforts were thoroughly explained to the adolescents and their parents, and informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of the students, who served as subjects. A recent review has found a prevalence of 9% of dental fear and anxiety among children and adolescents … It could be something as simple as laying on the … The same pediatric dentist and dental assistant treated all patients. Fábián TK, Kelemen P, Fábián G. Introduction of the concept of Dental Anxiety Scale in Hungary.Epidemiologic studies on the Hungarian population. Brand HS. • SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FEAR: • Anxiety • Phobia • OBJECTIVE FEAR:- They are the responses to stimuli that are felt, seen, heard, smelt or tasted and are not liked or accepted. Outcome of Chair-Side Dental Fear Treatment: Long-Term Follow-Up in Public Health Setting. In this sense, dental anxiety is somewhat common, and one that needs to be addressed by those who are familiar with dental behavior. Anxiety prevention: Oral Epidemiol. In the present study sweating scores reasonably well reflected the parameters of the objective measurements. 3 Department of Psychology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. Subjective or anticipated fear, the most common type of fear that affects most individuals, is the type of fear that Burton referred to back in 1621. In our previous study , those who answered that the sound of a dental drill was unpleasant tended to be more fearful of dental treatment than the other respondents and the fear of the sound of a dental drill had a strong influence on dental anxiety level. Psychophysiology 1992;29:302-5. The outcome variables were the percentage of people reporting one or more OHIP‐14 items fairly often or very often, and the ‘extent’ and ‘severity’. After being thawed the samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1500 g to obtain clear supernatant (6). Arithmetic mean ± standard deviation of the mean (SD) was determined. Salivary cortisol levels and dental anxiety in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. With the probe of the Corneometer® CM 825 single measurements as well as continuous monitoring are equally feasible. Biol Research Nursing 2002;4:92-103. Dental fear is one of the most common fear, which is classified as a specific fear according to Diagnostics and Statistics of Psychic Disorders DSM-IV. Treating dental fear could have positive effects on subjective oral impacts … In a stressful situation the salivary cortisol and amylase concentrations are elevated (2), rate of respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension and sweat gland excretion (sweating) are increased, while skin temperature and saliva production are reduced (3). Atherosclerosis 2001;159:175-85. avoiding or not) with relation to dentistry. Children show exaggerated fear for dentistry as this is something new to them. Stress-induced changes in human salivary alpha-amylase activity-associations with adrenergic activity. The examples of the case history and the epidemiological survey are used to demonstrate these two levels of power/knowledge. Fear of dentistry is there in every individual, whether young or old. Any change in the dielectric constant due to skin surface hydration variation alters the capacitance as detected by a precision measuring capacitor. eCollection 2019. It is a multidimensional complex phenomenon, and no one single variable can exclusively account for its devel-opment [4]. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Association between dental fear and dental attendance among adults in Finland. A narrative review, Composition and mechanical properties of contemporary CAD/CAM glass ceramics, Spreading of SARS-CoV-2 papers after first report: Reflections on changes in scientific communication during the pandemic. Fogorvosi Szemle 1998;91:43-52. The outcome variables were the percentage of people reporting one or more OHIP-14 items fairly often or very often, and the 'extent' and 'severity'. Integration of salivary biomarkers into developmental and behaviourally-oriented research: problems and solutions for collecting specimens. In the second visit the patients had dental restorative treatment with local anaesthesia lasting approximately for 30 minutes. In the second group these values increased after treatment. McLeod DR, Hoehn-Saric R, Stefan RL. The programme was effective in relieving fear and anxiety as well as learning cooperative behaviour. In almost 78 per cent of the reviewed studies, subjective need and demand for orthodontic treatment were evaluated by means of a structured questionnaire addressing attitude towards malocclusion and orthodontics in combination with an OI or not. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the importance … National Library of Medicine The measuring principle of the Corneometer® is based on the capacitance measurement of a dielectric medium. The replacement stimuli are pleasant and interactive. Measurement of salivary cortisol level, blood pressure, pulse rate and sweating score were valuable objective methods to measure dental stress with high fidelity; however sweating scores reasonably well reflected the parameters of the objective measurements and the use of the Corneometer® method proved reliable and comfortable for the patients. Mansoura Journal of Dentistry 2014;1(3):72-77. Dental fear (DF) is a challenging problem in dentistry. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Aartman IH, van Everdingen T, Hoogstraten J, et al. In the first one, systolic pressure, pulse rate, sweating score and salivary cortisol concentration decreased after the treatment compared to baseline. Dental anxiety in first- and final-year Indian dental students. Nater UM, La Marca R, Florin L, et al. It is mostly caused because of various misconceptions about dental treatment affecting the eye etc which might lead to fear. The association between dental fear and subjective oral impacts was not significantly modified by the number of remaining teeth. Nationally representative data on Finnish adults, 30+ yr of age (n = 5,987), were gathered through interviews, clinical examination, and questionnaires. Increased salivary cortisol in severe dental anxiety. 2006 Nov;12(6):894-901. Furthermore, the measurement of salivary cortisol concentration and the On the contrary, the application of Corneometer® CM 825 can help us to measure dental fear within 1 second without causing any discomfort in patients. Effects of psychological behaviour management programme on dental fear and anxiety in children: A randomised controlled clinical trial Eur J Paediatr Dent. Visiting a Dentist has been a thing of fear for most of the patients and it is one of the most common types of fear. Analyses of pain and fear occurred on two levels: the micro-level of the individual and the macro-level of the population. Today it is a matter of debate whether salivary alpha-amylase may be an indicator of sympathetic activity, or not. Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale is suitable to measure the overall dental fear. This association could be explained by known risk factors that are associated with dental fear, such as irregular dental visits and high numbers of caries. The Italian Journal of Dental Medicine is published quarterly. Montero J, Bravo M, López-Valverde A, Llodra JC. Self-report measurements of dental anxiety and fear in children: a critical assessment. Since acute stress is a multifactorial phenomenon, it can be measured both subjectively and objectively. Thus, knowledge of a patient’s subjective dental fear is more relevant than knowledge of his or her objective dental fear when considering the development of dental health services. Perceptual Motor Skills 2005;100:109-17. Blood pressure, pulse rate and sweating score were recorded, and salivary samples were taken to measure salivary cortisol concentration and amylase activity before and 20 minutes after treatment. Dental anxiety refers to the fear of dental procedures, which usually comes with a feeling of losing control, that something terrible may happen. According to the Network Model, cognitive representations of feared stimuli (e.g., bees, hornets, parks), response information (e.g., subjective fear, escape behavior), and meaning information (e.g., danger) are all linked in fear structures or networks in long-term memory. JADA 1978;97:816-9. Indeed, the vast majority of the most recent studies, in line with our present results, showed marked individual differences in alpha-amylase, and these values failed to correlate with salivary cortisol concentration during stress (2,18). According to our results, measurement of salivary cortisol level, blood pressure, pulse rate and sweating score were valuable objective methods to measure dental stress with high fidelity. In Study 1, fear, but not the social-cognitive factors, also predicted subsequent STI screening behaviour. In our study, dental fear was a strong and significant predictor of poor OHRQoL. The DAS did not show any significant difference between genders, so the 32 students were considered one group statistically. Clinical Pedodontics. Currently, the use of periodontal endoscopy in dental prac- Effect of psychological stress on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in healthy young adults. The subjective methods are the age-specific direct scales and indirect questionnaires completed by the parents. Based on previous results, salivary alpha-amylase concentrations were believed to be good predictors of plasma catecholamine levels (particularly in the case of norepinephrine), since they were shown to highly correlate with changes in the norepinephrine concentrations in response to stress (2). The Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) is one of the most frequently applied questionnaires for evaluation of dental anxiety (1). No significant correlation between the DAS score and results of objective methods was obtained in the present study when assessing dental fear, except for the salivary cortisol level and the sweating score. Assessment of a dental anxiety scale. First, appearance is a very subjective issue for people. Int Dent J 1999;49:330-6. Treating dental fear could have positive effects on subjective oral impacts by reducing psychological and social stress and by improving regular dental attendance and oral health. 2011-08-01 00:00:00 Objectives: Many patients experience fear, anxiety and strain during dento‐alveolar surgeries which aggravate more complex procedures such as fixation of implants, difficult extractions. Before the treatment the students were asked to fill the Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale questionnaire translated into Hungarian (4). Objective: Dental fear is a risk factor for poor oral health. Many of us look up to Beryl Comar as a … plasma or urine), because the technique is non-invasive and collection of the sample is easy, especially in children (9). Kankaala T, Määttä T, Tolvanen M, Lahti S, Anttonen V. Int J Dent. Granger DA, Kivlighan KT, Fortunato C, et al. The change of objective parameters reflected the increase or decrease of dental fear during treatment, so these changes were calculated and were used to compare the methods. Not in the consumer’s mind, unfortunately. Oral health impacts among adults in Finland: competing effects of age, number of teeth, and removable dentures. Or maybe someone else told you about a bad experience they’ve had. From the subjects having at least 2 decayed teeth, 40 adolescents (20 girls and 20 boys) were randomly selected. Thus salivary alpha-amylase was supposed to be a useful indicator of stress, however, several factors (like smoking, caffeine, tea, as well as the time elapsed from meals) are known to induce instability of alpha-amylase levels (6, 17). In agreement with our findings, several investigators observed significant correlation between DAS score and cortisol concentration (13, 14), although Brand (15) failed to explore the correlation between these variables. Patients with a DAS score above 13 were enrolled into the anxious group. Careers. Furthermore, the measurement of salivary cortisol concentration and the subjective questionnaires are not suitable to monitor the fear during the treatment. ... Subjective fear is almost similar to innate fear, in the sense that the child had never undergone a bad experience before. (16), we found that patients with high salivary cortisol level were more aroused and anxious and had significantly higher DAS scores, than those with decreased cortisol concentration. implementing the 4 S principle in con- [PubMed] [CrossRef] 1973; 86(4):842-848. Furthermore, similarly to the results of Krueger et al. Dental fear was measured using the question: 'How afraid are you of visiting a dentist?' 2 Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement, Applications of Ultrasonographic imaging in dentomaxillofacial region. Posted on August 7, 2013 by Fred Joyal. A short communication, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). In particular, half of those who answered that they were very fearful had the experience of avoiding a dental treatment. This is mostly subjective in nature. Data were analyzed for statistical significance using the Chi-Square test in the case of categorical variables, while Student’s t-test was applied for continuous variables. 1 Department of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary There are two main types of fear: objective and subjective fear. 2002 Apr;30(2):101-7. of fear of dentistry. Patients were asked to indicate their degree of anxiety in 4 dental treatment-related situations using a five-point scale yielding total scores ranging from 4 to 20. Privacy, Help that subjects with dental fear or anxi-ety would express higher levels of pain perception compared to patients who have no dental fear or anxiety.2-4 Endoscopic technology has been used in the medical field for years, but has only recently become available for use in dentistry. Within the discourse of dentistry the conception of pain is both object and effect of the profession's techniques of observation and analysis. Acta Odontol Scand 2000;58:299-303. JADA 2000;131:1449-57. J Am Dent Assoc. First Dental Visit Introduction consequences ental fear is a common, essential and inevitable emotion that appears as a response to the stress induced by various dental procedures. Within the discourse of dentistry the conception of pain is both object and effect of the profession's techniques of observation and analysis. The use of Pulsoxymeter Nonin® 8500M and Corneometer® CM 825 can be effective to measure dental fear not just before and after the treatment, but also during it. Clinical and sociodemographic predictors of oral pain and eating problems among adult and senior Spaniards in the national survey performed in 2010. Subjects were administered the Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale questionnaire and asked to indicate their degree of anxiety (scores ranging from 4 to 20). Blood pressure, pulse rate and sweating were recorded, and salivary samples were taken to measure salivary cortisol concentration and amylase activity before and 20 minutes after the treatment.

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